Pixel re-mapping for visual prosthesis

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus for adjusting a visual image provided to a patient. In one embodiment, an image may be presented to the patient to obtain the patient&#39;s subjective perception of the image, and the patient may either manipulate the image to obtain a desired adjustment, or guide a clinician performing the adjustment. In another embodiment, the clinician may make objective observations of, for example, the position of an electrode array on the patient&#39;s retina, and make adjustments accordingly. The adjustment may be a spatial adjustment comprising a re-mapping performed to decreases image distortion resulting from differences in the patient&#39;s perception of stimulation of different areas of the retina. Such distortion may result from differences between the patient&#39;s perception of stimulation falling within the macula, and stimulation falling within the periphery surrounding the macula. The adjustment may also compensate for translations or rotations of the electrode array on the retina.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 10/355,791, filed Jan. 31, 2003.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is generally directed to visual, e.g., video,processing techniques, and is of particular use in conjunction with animplantable medical device, e.g., a retinal prosthesis, for reducing thedistortion of images as perceived by a patient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Various conditions, e.g., age-related macular degeneration, retinitispigmentosa, etc., exist which effect the functioning of photoreceptors(i.e., rods and cones) on a patient's retina and thus eliminate orseverely degrade the patient's vision. To overcome these conditions, ithas been proposed to directly stimulate the visual cortex or to implanta retinal prosthesis to stimulate neural pathways within a patient'sretina. Stimulation of the visual cortex is described by Bindley G,Lewin W. “The sensations produced by electrical stimulation of thevisual cortex,” J. Physiol (London) 1968:196:479-493. Apparatus forstimulation of the retina is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,933 issuedto Michelson on Dec. 16, 1986 for “Method And Apparatus For VisualProsthesis,” and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,155 issued to Humayun et al onAug. 10, 1999 for “Visual Prosthesis And Method Of Using Same.” The '933patent and the '155 patents are herein incorporated by reference.

The '155 patent describes an electrode array adapted to be implanted onthe retina, covering the fovea. Several methods of attaching theelectrode array to the retina are described in the '155 patent. As isobvious from the methods of attaching the electrode array, the placementof the electrode array is likely to be in-exact. For example, the arraymay be translated and/or rotated relative to an ideal position.Additionally, nerves in the retina are not uniformly spaced,particularly when comparing the retina as a whole, and the macula.

Either translation or rotation of the electrode array, relative to ideaplacement, may result a false perception of an object's location by apatient. Also, the perception of the size of an object associated withthe stimulation may vary depending on which nerves are being stimulated.For example, stimulation of nerves within the macula may produce adifferent spatial perception than the same pattern of stimulation ofnerves in the periphery around the macula. As a result, some objects maybe perceived to be larger or smaller than they are, and the proportionsof an object may be warped.

Accordingly, there is a need for methods and apparatus for adjusting themapping of a pixilated image onto electrodes used for stimulation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method and apparatus for adjusting avisual image provided to a patient. In one embodiment, an image may bepresented to the patient to obtain the patient's subjective perceptionof the image, and the patient may either manipulate the image to obtaina desired adjustment, or guide a clinician performing the adjustment. Inanother embodiment, the clinician may make objective observations of,for example, the position of an electrode array on the patient's retina,and make adjustments accordingly. The adjustment may be a spatialadjustment comprising a re-mapping performed to decreases imagedistortion (i.e., to address an undesirable characteristic of the image)resulting from differences in the patient's perception of stimulation ofdifferent areas of the retina. Such distortion may result fromdifferences between the patient's perception of stimulation fallingwithin the macula, and stimulation falling within the peripherysurrounding the macula. The adjustment may also compensate fortranslations or rotations of the electrode array on the retina.Adjustments may also be made to aid the patient in interpreting theimage, for example a black/white inversion of the image.

Known visual prostheses include a camera (or other image source), animage shaper, a pixel encoder, a carrier generator, a modulator, and aprimary coil or the like as elements of an external device or devices,and further include a secondary coil, a rectifier, a demodulator, adecoder/demultiplexor, a current generator, and an electrode array orthe like as implantable elements. Such visual prosthesis is described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,935,155 issued Aug. 10, 1999 for “Visual Prosthesis AndMethod Of Using Same,” which patent is incorporated herein by referenceabove. In one embodiment of the present invention, an image processor isincluded in the external device(s), which image processor includes meansfor re-mapping (i.e., adjusting) the image to remove distortions in thepattern perceived by the patient. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, an adjustable camera is used to adjust the image. Theadjustable camera may include an adjustable lens, and adjustable CCD, aprocessor to electronically process the video signal in the camera, orthe some other means within the camera to adjust the image.

The present invention further includes methods for spatially adjustingthe image to remove distortions in the image perceived by the patient. Afirst method comprises providing an unadjusted image to the patient. Theadjustment may be performed by a clinician guided by the patient, ordirectly performed by the patient. The adjustment may comprise a singlestep of manipulation the entire unadjusted image, in which case theunadjusted image may be a scene, or may be a pattern adapted tofacilitate the adjustment. In another embodiment of the presentinvention, the adjustment may comprise one or more steps includingproviding a centering feature to center the overall image, providing atleast one demarcation line to adjust a boundary, and at least onefeature to adjust the areas separated by the boundary.

Another method according to the present invention comprises adjustmentbased on clinician observations of objective indications indicative ofdistortions, which observations may include observations of the topologyof the patient's eye made by a clinician, by observations of the finalplacement of the electrode array, by past observations (i.e.,experience) of the clinician, or by any other observation not requiringfeedback from the patient.

It is intended that any visual prosthesis which includes apparatus ormethods to remove distortions from an image presented to a patient, comewithin the scope of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a visual prosthesis;

FIG. 2A shows details of an external part of the visual prosthesiswherein image sampling is performed before image processing;

FIG. 2B shows details of an external part of the visual prosthesiswherein image sampling is performed after image processing;

FIG. 3 shows details of an external part of the visual prosthesiswherein the image is adjusted in the camera to remove distortions;

FIG. 4A shows details of an implantable part of the visual prosthesis;

FIG. 4B shows details of an implantable part of the visual prosthesis,which implantable part includes an image processor to adjust images toremove distortions;

FIG. 5 depicts an electrode array of the visual prosthesis residing overthe retina;

FIG. 6A shows an original image;

FIG. 6B shows a distorted version image of FIG. 6A;

FIG. 6C depicts an intermediate version of the image of FIG. 6A, whichintermediate version has been processed by an image processor inanticipation of the distortion;

FIG. 6D shows a corrected version of the image of FIG. 6A as perceivedby the patient, which corrected image is processed by the imageprocessor in anticipation of distortion;

FIG. 7A shows an original image of an 8×8 array of symbols (in this casethe symbols are the indices of the position of each symbol);

FIG. 7B shows a distorted version image of FIG. 7A;

FIG. 7C depicts an intermediate version of the image of FIG. 7A, whichintermediate version has been processed by the image processor inanticipation of the distortion;

FIG. 7D shows a corrected version of the image of FIG. 7A as perceivedby the patient, which corrected image is processed by the imageprocessor in anticipation of distortion;

FIG. 8A shows a perceived image including a centering feature, whereinthe perceived image shows a distortion of the feature;

FIG. 8B depicts the centering feature of FIG. 8A after the image hasbeen adjusted by the image processor to remove the distortion;

FIG. 9A shows a perceived image which has been centered as depicted inFIG. 9B, but shows a distortion of a first line and of a second line;

FIG. 9B depicts the image of FIG. 9A after adjusting the first line tobe perceived as horizontal, and the second line as being perceived asvertical;

FIG. 10A shows an original image comprising four squares which coincidewith four quadrants of an image which has been centered, and which hasbeen adjusted to make the first line substantially horizontal and thesecond line substantially vertical;

FIG. 10B depicts an example of how the image of FIG. 10A might beperceived by a patient (the image remains centered and the sidecorresponding to the first line and the second line remain substantiallyhorizontal and vertical);

FIG. 10C depicts an adjusted image generated by the image processor(i.e., at the output of the image processor) to compensate for thedistortion perceived by the patient in the image of FIG. 10B;

FIG. 10D depicts the image perceived by the patient from stimulationbased on the adjusted image of FIG. 10C;

FIG. 11A shows a lower right quadrant of an original image, whichoriginal image has been centered, and which original image has beenadjusted to make the first line substantially horizontal and the secondline substantially vertical;

FIG. 11B depicts an example of how the image of FIG. 11A might beperceived by a patient (the top of the image, corresponding to the firstline, and left side of the image, corresponding to the second line,remain substantially horizontal and vertical);

FIG. 11C depicts an adjusted image generated by the image processor(i.e., at the output of the image processor) to compensate for thedistortion perceived by the patient in the image of FIG. 11B;

FIG. 11D depicts the image perceived by the patient from stimulationbased on the adjusted image of FIG. 11C;

FIG. 12A shows a lower right quadrant of an another original image,which original image has been centered, and which original image hasbeen adjusted to make the first line substantially horizontal and thesecond line substantially vertical;

FIG. 12B depicts an example of how the image of FIG. 12A might beperceived by the patient (the top of the image, corresponding to thefirst line, and left side of the image, corresponding to the secondline, remain substantially horizontal and vertical);

FIG. 12C depicts an adjusted image generated by the image processor(i.e., at the output of the image processor) to compensate for thedistortion perceived by the patient in the image of FIG. 12B; and

FIG. 12D depicts the image perceived by the patient from stimulationbased on the adjusted image of FIG. 12C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description is of the best mode presently contemplated forcarrying out the invention. This description is not to be taken in alimiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of describing thegeneral principles of the invention. The scope of the invention shouldbe determined with reference to the claims.

The present invention is directed to reducing visual image distortion,and is of particular use in conjunction with a visual prosthesis, e.g.,a retinal prosthesis, for reducing the distortion perceived by apatient. Various conditions, e.g., age-related macular degeneration,retinitis pigmentosa, etc., exist which effect the functioning ofphotoreceptors (i.e., rods and cones) on a patient's retina and thuseliminate or severely degrade the patient's vision. To overcome theseconditions, various apparatus have been proposed to provide vision tosuch patients. There are three main structures that have been describedin the art. In a first structure (referred to herein as a Bindley typeapparatus), an input from a video camera is used to stimulate discretepoints on the patient's cerebral cortex. In a second structure (referredto herein as a Humayun type apparatus), an input from a video camera isused to stimulate discrete points on a patient's retina. In a thirdstructure (referred to herein as a Michelson type apparatus) opticalsensors are supplied in a one-to-one relationship to stimulate discretepoints on a patient's retina. Each of these structures potentiallysuffer from image distortion due to misplacement of the electrode array(either translational or rotational), and the stimulation of nerveswithin the macula may produce a different spatial perception than thesame pattern of stimulation of nerves in the periphery around themacula. As a result, some objects may be perceived to be larger orsmaller than they are, and the proportions of an object may be warped.The present invention address the aforementioned issues by adjusting theimage based on the patients perception, to remove such translations,rotations, and distortions.

An example of a retinal prosthesis 10 is shown in FIG. 1. The retinalprosthesis 10 includes a camera 12, for example a Charge Coupled Device(CCD), or other image source, which generates a video signal 14. Otherimage sources may include a television composite signal or computeroutput. The video signal 14 is received by external electronics 16,which generates a Radio Frequency (RF) modulated signal 18. The RFmodulated signal 18 is then transmitted via primary coil 20 as an RFtransmission 21 through skin 22. A secondary coil 24 receives the RFtransmission 21 and provides a received signal 26 to implantableelectronics 28. The implantable electronics 28 generates a stimulationcurrent signal 30, which is provided to an electrode array 32. Theelectrode array 32 stimulates the retinal cells to produce phosphenes ina pattern to create a sensation of vision. Such a retinal prosthesis isdescribed in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,155 issued Aug. 10, 1999for “Visual Prosthesis And Method Of Using Same,” which patent isincorporated herein by reference above.

It should be noted that the retinal prosthesis 10 is merely an example,and the present invention applies to other embodiments of retinalprostheses, including retinal prostheses with different allocations ofprocessing between external and implantable parts, and to fullyimplantable retinal prostheses. It should also be noted that while anexample of a CCD camera was mentioned, the scope of the invention is notso limited but includes other technologies used for image acquisitionequipment such as video cameras, digital cameras, CMOS cameras, etc. Thepresent invention also may be practiced using images acquired throughdevices such as electromagnetic imaging (e.g., radar), or acousticimaging (e.g., sonar), or any other device capable of generating rangeand angle information. It is further to be understood that the brain'sability to use information from non-intuitive sources is not wellunderstood, and that image-like information from any source, or of anynature, wherein the image may be adjusted (or remapped) to present amore accurate spatial perception to the patient, is intended to comewithin the scope of the present invention. For example, data in the formof a 2 dimension representation of azimuth and range or azimuth andspeed may be provided to a patient, and the adjustment of such image inintended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

A first embodiment of external electronics 16 a of the retinalprosthesis 10 is illustrated in FIG. 2A. As may be observed from thisfigure, the video signal 14 captured by the camera 12 is output to animage sampler 34. The image sampler 34 generates a first sampled image36 a which is passed to a first image processor 38 a.

The image processor 38 a may perform various signal processing steps onthe sampled image 36 a, including the processing described by thepresent invention. A first processed image 40 a is generated by theimage processor 38 a and provided to the pixel encoder 42. The processedimage 40 a is encoded to generate an encoded signal 44, and the encodedsignal 44 is passed to a signal modulator 46. The signal modulator 46uses the encoded signal 44 to modulate an RF carrier signal 50 generatedby a carrier generator 48, to generate the RF modulated signal 18 (seeFIG. 1). The modulated signal 18 is transmitted via the primary coil 20.

A second embodiment of the external electronics 16 b is shown in FIG.2B. In this embodiment a second image processor 38 b receives the videosignal 14 from the camera 20. The image processor 38 b generates asecond processed image 40 b which is provided to the image sampler 34. Asecond sampled image 36 b is generated from the processed image 40 b,which sampled image 36 b is provided to the pixel encoder 42.

The basic difference between the first and second embodiments of theexternal electronics 16 a and 16 b is that the image processor 38 aoperates on an input which has been previously processed by the imagesampler 34, which image has been down sampled (or decimated) to map ontothe electrode array 32. In the second embodiment of the externalelectronics 16 b the image processor 38 b operates on the full highresolution video signal 14 before the image sampler 34 reduces thenumber of pixels.

Those skilled in the art will recognize various other steps and ordersof processing that may be utilized to process the video signal 14. Anyprocessing which processes a video signal for a retinal prosthesis, andincludes the method of the present invention is intended to come withinthe scope of the present invention. Another embodiment of the externalpart of a visual prosthesis 10 is shown in FIG. 3, which embodimentincludes a second camera 12 a, and a third external electronics 16 c.The external electronics 16 c does not include an image processor 38 aor 38 b to adjust the image. The camera 12 a includes an adjustable lens13, and/or an adjustable CCD 15, and/or a third image processor 38 c.The lens 13, CCD 15, and/or the processor 38 c may be controlled toadjust a second video signal 14 a carries the adjusted signal from thecamera 12 a to the external electronics 16 c.

In a first embodiment, the lens 13 and/or the CCD 15 may be translatedand/or rotated to adjust the signal 14 a. In a second embodiment, thelens 13 and/or the CCD 15 may be made from a flexible, expandablematerial, wherein the lens 13 and/or the CCD 15 may be mechanicallymanipulated to alter the shapes of the lens 13 and/or the CCD 15.Additionally, the first and second embodiments may be combined toprovide greater adjustment of the signal 14 a. The processor 38 c may beused independently, or in conjunction with the lens 13 and/or the CCD 15to adjust the signal 14 a, or the processor 38 c may be omitted from thecamera 12 a. The camera 12 a may also be used with the externalelectronics 16 or 16 b.

In another example, a corrective lens may be provided that has beenground to compensate for distortions perceived by the patient. Also, thecamera 12 or 12 a may be physically rotated to adjust the imageperceived by the patient.

An example of the implantable electronics 28 is shown in FIG. 4A. Thereceived signal 26 received by the secondary coil 24 is provided to ademodulator 52, and to a rectifier 62. The rectifier 62 processes thereceived signal 26 to generate a DC power signal used to power theimplantable device. The rectifier 62 may be a half wave or full waverectifier. The demodulator 52 filters the received signal 26 to recovera demodulated signal 54 which is substantially like the encoded signal44 (i.e., contains the same information that the signal 44 carried). Thedemodulated signal 54 is provided to a decoder/demultiplexer 56 whichprocesses the demodulated signal 54 to generate a stimulation controlsignal 58. The stimulation control signal 58 is processed by the currentgenerator 60 to generate the stimulation current signal 30 which is usedby the electrode array 32 to stimulate the retina.

The example presented in FIG. 4 is one of many embodiments ofimplantable electronics. Any circuit which receives a transmitted signaland generates stimulation current for retinal stimulation is intended tocome within the scope of the present invention. The details of suchimplanted circuit is not important to the present invention, and merelyprovides a conduit for an externally generated signal to result inretinal stimulation.

The implantable electronics may also include a signal processor as shownin FIG. 4B, for adjusting an image perceived by the patient to reduce oreliminate distortions. A fourth image processor 38 d processes thestimulation control signal 58 to generate a third processed image 40 c.In another embodiment, a single implantable electronics may perform theprocessing described in FIGS. 2A, 2B, and/or 3, and the processingdescribed in FIG. 4 or 4B.

The processing performed in the implantable processor 28 may be combinedwith the processing performed in the external processor 16 to obtain afully implantable visual prosthesis. Such combination may be into asingle implantable device, or into two or more cooperating implantabledevices. Also, the image processing performed in the image processor 38a, 38 b, or 38 c may be performed in the implantable electronics 28.

The electrode array 32 is implanted on the retina 70 of the eye 66, asshown in FIG. 5. The greatest concentration of nerves of the retina 70is in the area of the macula 72, and the sensation of vision insimilarly centered corresponding to the macula 72. Preferably, theelectrode array 32 is centered over the macula 72, but in practice,there may be both translational and rotational misalignments of theelectrode array 32 with the macula 72. These misalignments may result ina perception of the image being shifted vertically or horizontally,and/or being rotated.

Additionally, the spatial perception of the patient may vary withcorresponding to different parts of the retina. As a result, an objectmay be warped, and the perceived ratio of width to height may notreflect the actual ratio. As a result of the false perception of anobjects relative dimensions, the object may not be recognized by thepatient.

An example of an original image is shown in FIG. 6A. The image presentsseveral features including a tree, a man climbing the tree, and apillar. The same image is presented in FIG. 6B as the image may beperceived by a patient. The image perceived by a patient includesundesirable characteristics (i.e, distortions). For example, the top ofthe tree, the man in the tree, and the pillar are wider in FIG. 6B thanin FIG. 6A. Such distortion may result from the way the brain processesinformation from different areas of the retina, especially the borderbetween the macula and the periphery around the macula, or oftranslations or rotations of the electrode array 32 when it isimplanted.

The present invention reduces or eliminates such distortion, and otherdistortions, by adjusting the image so that the perceived image willmore accurately reflect the original image. Such adjustment may beperformed in the external electronics 16 a or 16 b (FIG, 2A, 2B), in thecamera 12 a (FIG. 3), or in the implantable electronics 28 (FIG. 4B). Anexample of how the image may be adjusted by image processing is shown inFIG. 6C. The processing performed in the image processor basically isthe inverse of the distortion perceived by the patient. The unprocessedimage widened the tree, the man, and the pillar. The processing done inthe image processor narrows the tree, the man, and the pillar.

The resulting image perceived by the patient in shown in FIG. 6D.Although some granularity is present due to the number of electrodesbeing fewer than the pixels of the original image, the image nowpresents the tree, the man, and the pillar with proportions very closeto the original image. The method of the present invention used toreduce the distortion is described in the following paragraphs.

In a first embodiment of a method according to the present invention, anarray of symbols may be presented to the patient. An obvious selectionof symbols is a set of array indices corresponding to the position ofeach symbol. An example of an original image is shown in FIG. 7A of aneight by eight array using such indices. An example of how the originalimage may be distorted is shown in FIG. 7B, wherein the top left cornerof the image has been pushed down and to the right, and the bottom leftcorner of the image has been pushed to the right, and up.

The patient is provided with the knowledge that the image should be arectangular (in this example square) array of indices. Based on theknowledge of how the image should look, the use may either directlymanipulate the image, or direct a clinician to manipulate the image, toreduce or eliminate the distortion. For example, the patient might begiven a joy-stick, mouse, or some other input device to manipulate theimage. The patient may select a corner to manipulate by motion of thejoy-stick, or tell the clinician which corner the patient intends tomanipulate. The patient may then move the joy stick to “stretch” theperceived image to obtain the intended perceived image. The patient mayproceed to spatially adjust each corner perceived to be distorted.Alternatively, the patient may direct the clinician to manipulate theimage to reduce or eliminate the distortion. Advantageously, the use ofan image of array indices allows the patient to indicate which part ofthe image a spatial adjustment is directed to.

An intermediate image representing the spatial adjustment performed bythe image processor 38 a, 38 b, or 38 c or the camera 12 a, and theprocessed image 40 a, 40 b, or 40 c (or in the case of the camera 12 a,the video signal 14 a), is shown in FIG. 7C. The intermediate imagereflects the inverse of the distortion shown in FIG. 7B. When theprocessed image is presented to the patient, the patient now perceivesan image with the distortion reduced or eliminated, as shown in FIG. 7D.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that variations of the methoddescribed in FIGS. 7A-7D may also be exercised. For example, the totalimage space perceived by the patient may be dived into 2 or moresections, and the method of FIGS. 7A-7D may be applied independently toeach section. The patient may also use a joy-stick, or other inputdevice to select a portion of the total perceived image to adjust. Theseand other variations to the method described herein are intended to comewithin the scope of the present invention. In cases where the patientmay only perceive coarse images, symbols such as circles, squares,stars, and the like, may be substituted for the indices in FIGS. 7A-7D.

A second method for adjusting an image to reduce or eliminate distortionis now described. An image is provided with a defined feature, whichfeature is intended to be perceived by the patient as being directlyahead of the patient. An example of a square centering feature 74 isshown in FIG. 8A. Both the size and shape of the feature may vary, andsome feature sizes and shapes may be preferred by some patients, whileother feature sizes and shapes may be preferred by other patients. Thepatient may either directly manipulate the image, as described in FIGS.7A-7C, or direct a clinician to manipulate the image, to adjust theperceived location of the feature 74 to be directly ahead of thepatient. As a result of this adjustment, any translation of the centerof the image is reduced or eliminated as shown in FIG. 8B.

Another method for reducing or eliminating distortion is to alignboundaries within the image. An image with misaligned boundaries isshown in FIGS. 9A and 9B. In this example, the image has been centeredas described in FIGS. 8A and 8B, however the method described in FIGS.9A and 9B may be performed on an image that has not been centered. Suchcentering is not required for the alignment of boundaries, but mayprovide better results. The original boundaries are a vertical line 76passing through the center of the image, and a horizontal line 78passing through the center of the image. Other lines, for example an “X”may also be used, and different numbers of lines or patterns of lines 76and 78 may be preferred by different patients. The patient may adjustthe end points only of the lines 76 and 78, or may adjust points alongthe lines 76 and 78. In extreme cases, the misaligned lines 76 and 78may be severely arced, and in these cases it may be necessary to makeadjustments at several points along the lines 76 and 78 to align theboundaries. An example of adjusted lines 76 and 78 are shown in FIG. 9B.The lines 76 and 78 maybe adjusted directly by the patient, or by theclinician guided by the patient.

In cases where the patient merely manipulates the ends of the lines 76and 78, each point along the lines 76 and 78 may be proportionallyadjusted. If the patient manipulates several points along the lines 76and 78 to align the lines 76 and 78, various known methods may beautomatically applied to points between the manipulated points. Forexample, a least squares curve fit, a spline fit may be applied, or thelike may be applied to adjust intermediate points. Such methods are wellknown in the mathematical arts.

Another method for reducing or eliminating distortion from the perceivedimage is to break the image into sub-images as shown in FIGS. 10A-10D.The processing described for the sub-images may be performed after theprocessing described in FIGS. 9A and 9B, or may be performedindependently. After the processing described in FIGS. 9A and 9B hasbeen exercised, the sub-images may be defined by the lines 76 and 78which were adjusted. An example wherein the sub-images are 4 quadrantsof the original image is shown in an un-distorted view in FIG. 10A. Thesame four quadrants are shown in a distorted view as perceived by thepatient in FIG. 10B. The advantage of using pre-adjusted (as describedin FIGS. 9A and 9B) is apparent in that the joint boundaries of thequadrants fall on the lines 76 and 78, which lines were previouslyadjusted to reduce or eliminate distortion, and therefore, these sidesof the quadrants are not substantially distorted. The patient is thusleft with a more manageable task than if all of the sides of thesub-images were distorted.

The quadrants may be more easily identified for the patient by firstilluminating corner markers at the corners of each quadrant. The patientcan align these corner markers to a known reference. The markers can beused to align the quadrant relationships to other quadrants and to helpthe patient identify the periphery of each quadrant.

In the example of FIG. 10B the patient may directly adjust the cornersadjacent to the image center, and opposite the image center, or thepatient may direct the clinician to adjust the image. Because the commoncorner and sides have already been adjusted, they will not be altered,and advantageously, gaps or overlaps between quadrants will not becreated. When a corner of a quadrant is adjusted, every point within thequadrant may be consistently adjusted using two-dimensional linearinterpolation.

As described in FIG. 6C, the adjustment of the image results in thecreation of an inverse to the distortion, which inverse is crated in theimage processors 38A and 38B. The processed image 40 a, 40 b, or 40 creflects this inverse as shown in FIG. 10C. When this inverse processingis performed, the distortion in the perceived image will be reduced oreliminated as shown in FIG. 10D.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that the quadrants may bepresented to the patient by images other than the outlines shown inFIGS. 10A-10D. An example using dots is shown in FIGS. 11A-11D, andanother example using a grid is shown in FIGS. 12A-12D. In theseadditional examples, only the lower right quadrant is shown. Thoseskilled in the art will recognize that patients may prefer otherpatterns, and the exercise of the method described herein using anyother pattern is intended to come within the scope of the presentinvention.

The adjustments described in FIGS. 7A-12D were spatial adjustments.Other non-spatial adjustments to the image provided to the patient maybe made to aid the patient in interpreting the image. For example, someimages may be more recognizable by the patient if a black/whiteinversion of the image is performed. An image inversion may also reducethe power requirements. For example, black lettering on a white pagewill require most electrodes (white paper) to operate at high powerwhile a few electrodes (black letters) operate at low power. Invertingthe signal to yield white lettering on a black page will significantlyreduce power consumption. Black/white image inversion may be performedby linearly mapping image intensity from a range between zero and oneinto a range between one and zero. Such non-spatial adjustments may beperformed in the camera (or any other image source), in the externalelectronics 16 a, 16 b, or 16 c, preferably in the image processor 38 a,38 b, or 38 c, or in the internal electronics 28 a or 28 b.

A method according to the present invention, in the most general form,is described in FIG. 13A. The method comprises determining distortionsin an image adapted to be presented to a patient through a visualprosthesis, and adjusting the visual prosthesis (i.e., the method and/orapparatus comprising the visual prosthesis) used to provide the image toreduce or eliminate the distortions.

One embodiment of the method described in FIG. 13A is shown in FIG. 13B.In the embodiment of the method described in FIG. 13B, the distortionsare determined by providing an image (i.e., providing visual stimulationto the patient using a visual prosthesis) to the patient, anddetermining the perceived distortions from the patient's perception ofthe image. In another embodiment of the method described in FIG. 13A isshown in FIG. 13C. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 13C, the distortionsare determined by observing objective indications indicative ofdistortions. For example, a clinician may observe the topology of thepatient's eye, the final placement of the electrode array, consider pastobservations (i.e., experience), or any other observation not requiringfeedback from the patient. The methods of FIGS. 13B and 13C may also becombined to determine the distortion based on a combination of thepatients subjective perception of the images, and the clinician'sobjective observations.

The method described in FIG. 13B may be exercised as shown in FIG. 14Aby providing a scene to the patient. This method may provide the bestresults for a high resolution visual prosthesis and a patient who hasrecently lost their sight. The method described in FIG. 13B may beexercised as shown in FIG. 14B by providing an image adapted tofacilitate image adjustment to the patient. Such image may be similar tothe images described in FIGS. 7-12, or some other figures.

In another embodiment of the method of the present invention, theelectrode array 32 may be adjusted during the implant procedure toremove distortions due to the position of the electrode array 32 on theretina 70. One embodiment of a method is shown in FIG. 14C, the methodcomprising: providing an image comprising a scene to the patient;determining the perceived distortions in the scene (i.e., translationsand rotations of the scene as perceived by the patient); and adjustingthe electrode array 32 to remove the distortions. The method describedin FIG. 14C may be exercised repetitively as many times as necessary toobtain good results.

Another method similar to the method described in FIG. 14C is shown inFIG. 14D, wherein an image adapted to facilitate electrode array 32adjustment is provided to the patient in place of a scene.

The method described in FIG. 14B may further be exercised as shown inFIGS. 15A-15C. A method for providing a centering feature to aid thepatient in centering the perceived image is shown in FIG. 15A. A methodfor providing an image including at least one boundary to aid thepatient in creating boundaries between sub-images is shown in FIG. 15B.A method for providing sub-images to aid the patient in independentlyadjusting portions of the entire image is shown in FIG. 15C.

A method for adjusting the image perceived by the patient based onobservations by a clinician is shown in FIG. 16A. The method comprises:observing the position of the electrode array 32 on the patient's retina70 (see FIG. 5) to determine if the electrode array 32 is translatedaway from the intended position of the electrode array 32 on the retina70; translating the image to compensate for any translations of theelectrode array 32 with respect to the retina 70; rotating the image tocompensate for any rotation of the electrode array 32 with respect tothe intended rotation (i.e., angle) of the electrode array 32 withrespect to the retina 70; and adjusting (e.g., de-warping) the image tocompensate for known distortions relative to the position of theelectrode array 32 with respect to the retina 70. For example, knowndistortions may be determined for individual patients prior toimplanting the electrode array.

Another method for adjusting the image perceived by the patient is shownin FIG. 16B, comprising: observing the topology of the patient's retina;and adjusting the image to compensate for the observed topology.

A first embodiment of a method for providing an adjusted image to apatient is described in FIG. 17A, the method comprising: obtaining animage; sampling the image; processing the sampled image to reduce oreliminate distortion in the image; encoding the processed image;generating a carrier signal; modulating the carrier signal with theencoded signal; transmitting the modulated signal to the implantableelectronics 28; receiving the transmitted signal in the implantableelectronics 28; processing the received signal to generate a stimulationsignal; and stimulating the patient's retina with the stimulationsignal.

Another embodiment of a method for providing an adjusted image to apatient is described in FIG. 17B, the method comprising: obtaining animage; processing the image to reduce or eliminate distortion in theimage; sampling the processed image; encoding the processed image;generating a carrier signal; modulating the carrier signal with theencoded signal; transmitting the modulated signal to the implantableelectronics 28; receiving the transmitted signal in the implantableelectronics 28; processing the received signal to generate a stimulationsignal; and stimulating the patient's retina with the stimulationsignal.

Yet another embodiment of a method for providing an adjusted image to apatient is described in FIG. 17C, the method comprising: obtaining animage; processing the image to generate a pixel encoded signal;modulating the carrier signal with the encoded signal; transmitting themodulated signal to the implantable electronics 28; receiving themodulated signal in the implantable electronics 28; recovering the pixelencoded signal; processing the encoded signal to generate a reduceddistortion stimulation signal; and stimulating the patient's retina withthe stimulation signal.

The methods described in FIGS. 17A-17C for adjusting an image includedprocessing an existing image. A method including adjusting an imagewithin a camera is described in FIG. 18A, wherein the method comprises:obtaining an image using a lens adapted to reduce or eliminatedistortion; processing the image to generate a pixel encoded signal;modulating a carrier signal with the pixel encoded signal; transmittingthe modulated signal; receiving the transmitted signal; processing thereceived signal to generate a stimulation signal; and providing thestimulation signal to the retina.

A second method including adjusting an image within a camera isdescribed in FIG. 18B, wherein the method comprises: obtaining an imageusing a CCD adapted to reduce or eliminate distortion; processing theimage to generate a pixel encoded signal; modulating a carrier signalwith the pixel encoded signal; transmitting the modulated signal;receiving the transmitted signal; processing the received signal togenerate a stimulation signal; and providing the stimulation signal tothe retina.

A third method including adjusting an image within a camera is describedin FIG. 18C, wherein the method comprises: obtaining an image;processing the image within the camera to generate an adjusted videoimage; processing the image to generate a pixel encoded signal;modulating a carrier signal with the pixel encoded signal; transmittingthe modulated signal; receiving the transmitted signal; processing thereceived signal to generate a stimulation signal; and providing thestimulation signal to the retina.

Accordingly, what has been shown is a method and apparatus for theadjustment of a distorted image, which method and apparatus is ofparticular utility with an implantable medical device, e.g., a retinalprosthesis, for reducing image distortions. While the invention has beendescribed by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, itis understood that numerous modifications and variations could be madethereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention. For example, while the invention has beenspecifically described for use in processing a high resolution videosignal to drive a retinal (or cortical) prosthesis, it is believed thatsuch processing will additionally provide benefit when the lowresolution output device is a video output display, e.g., LCD display,that has a lower resolution than the video input signal.

Additionally, the description and the illustrated input pixel arrays andsubsets have been square in shape, i.e., with symmetrical aspect ratios,which correspond to a similar square aspect ratio for the output pixelarray. However, the aspect ratios of the input and output pixel arraysneed not be the same. Accordingly, embodiments where the input pixeldata is processed, e.g., formed into subsets by the video processor, tocompensate for the difference in these aspects ratios are considered tobe within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, embodimentsof the present invention may use subsets that are square, rectangular,circular, oval, non-overlapping or overlapping. Furthermore, while theprevious description was generally directed toward the use oftransformation filters that operated on the pixel subsets, embodimentsthat use transformation filters to process the input video prior tosubsetting are also considered to be within the scope of the presentinvention.

It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the claims,the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically describedherein.

1. A method for re-mapping a pixilated image comprising: determining arotation in an image adapted to be presented to a patient through anelectronic visual prosthesis; wherein: determining a rotation in theimage comprises: exercising the visual prosthesis to provide stimulationto a patient; and perceiving the image resulting from the stimulation;and determining a rotation in the image; selecting at least one featureof the image and identifying a perceived location for the feature; andadjusting the electronic visual prosthesis to create an improved imagewherein the rotation of the image is corrected.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein selecting at least one feature comprises selecting at least onefeature perceived to be directly ahead.
 3. The method of claim 1 whereinselecting at least one feature comprises selecting at least twofeatures.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein adjusting the image comprisesadjusting the image to position a defined feature directly ahead.
 5. Themethod of claim 4 wherein adjusting the image comprises adjusting thevisual prosthesis using patient controls to position a defined featuredirectly ahead.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein observing objectiveindications indicative of rotations comprises observing the topology ofa retina before an electrode array is implanted on the retina forretinal stimulation.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein observingobjective indications indicative of rotations comprises observing theposition of an electrode array implanted on the retina.
 8. The method ofclaim 7 wherein observing the position of an electrode array implantedon the retina includes observing translations of the electrode arrayfrom the intended position on the electrode array on the retina.
 9. Themethod of claim 7 wherein adjusting the position of the electrode arrayon the retina to reduce rotations comprises translating the position ofthe electrode array on the retina to remove translations of the imagefrom an intended image.
 10. The method of claim 7 wherein adjusting theposition of the electrode array on the retina to reduce rotationscomprises rotating the position of the electrode array on the retina toremove rotations of the image from an intended image.
 11. A method forproviding artificial sight to a patient, comprising: generating animage; processing the image to generate a processed image; generatingstimulation current based on the processed image; providing stimulationto a retina of the patient using the stimulation current; and perceivingan image produced by the stimulation, wherein the image is adjustable toobtain a desired appearance.
 12. The method of claim 11 whereinperceiving an image produced by the stimulation comprises perceiving animage spatially adjusted to the position of at least one feature. 13.The method of claim 11 wherein perceiving an image produced by thestimulation comprises perceiving an image spatially adjusted to positiona feature directly ahead.
 14. The method of claim 11 wherein perceivingan image produced by the stimulation comprises perceiving an imagespatially adjusted to adjust a first line to be substantially horizontaland adjusting a second line to be substantially vertical.
 15. The methodof claim 11 wherein perceiving an image produced by the stimulationcomprises perceiving an image spatially adjusted to adjust adjustingquadrants of the image to obtain a desired pattern.
 16. The method ofclaim 11 wherein generating an image comprises generating an image usingan image source adapted to adjust the image to remove distortions. 17.The method of claim 16 wherein generating an image using an image sourceadapted to adjust the image to remove distortions comprises generatingan image using an image source including an adjustable lens adapted toremove distortions.
 18. The method of claim 16 wherein generating animage using an image source adapted to adjust the image to removedistortions comprises generating an image using an image sourceincluding an adjustable CCD adapted to remove distortions.
 19. Themethod of claim 16 wherein generating an image using an image sourceadapted to adjust the image to remove distortions comprises generatingan image using an image source including an image processor adapted toremove distortions.
 20. The method of claim 16 wherein generating animage using an image source adapted to adjust the image to removedistortions comprises generating an image using an image sourceincluding a corrective lens adapted to remove distortions.